55 Cancri From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from 55 cancri) Jump to navigationJump to search For other stars with this Bayer designation, see ρ Cancri. 55 Cancri Cancer constellation map.svg Red circle.svg Location of 55 Cancri (circled in red) Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Cancer Pronunciation /ˈkæŋkraɪ/ or /ˈkæŋkriː/ 55 Cancri A Right ascension 08h 52m 35.8111s[1] Declination +28° 19′ 50.955″[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 5.95[2] 55 Cancri B Right ascension 08h 52m 40.8627s[3] Declination +28° 19′ 58.821″[3] Apparent magnitude (V) 13.15[4] Characteristics 55 Cancri A Evolutionary stage Main sequence or subgiant Spectral type K0IV–V[5] U−B color index 0.63[6] B−V color index 0.87[6] 55 Cancri B Evolutionary stage Main sequence (red dwarf) Spectral type M4.5V[7] B−V color index 1.7[4] Astrometry 55 Cancri A Radial velocity (Rv) 27.51[1] km/s Proper motion (μ) RA: −485.681±0.040[1] mas/yr Dec.: −233.517±0.037[1] mas/yr Parallax (π) 79.4482 ± 0.0429[1] mas Distance 41.05 ± 0.02 ly (12.587 ± 0.007 pc) Absolute magnitude (MV) +5.50[8] 55 Cancri B Proper motion (μ) RA: −481.176±0.041[3] mas/yr Dec.: −244.544±0.032[3] mas/yr Parallax (π) 79.6560 ± 0.0475[3] mas Distance 40.95 ± 0.02 ly (12.554 ± 0.007 pc) Absolute magnitude (MV) 12.58[9] Details 55 Cnc A Mass 0.960±0.067[10] M☉ Radius 0.960±0.018[10] R☉ Luminosity 0.589±0.014[10] L☉ Surface gravity (log g) 4.37[5] cgs Temperature 5,165±46[10] K Metallicity [Fe/H] −0.09[5] dex Rotation 42.2 d Age 10.2 ± 2.5[11] Gyr 55 Cnc B Mass 0.255[12] M☉ Radius 0.273[12] R☉ Luminosity 0.003[13] L☉ Temperature 3,233[9] K Metallicity [Fe/H] 0.360[14] dex Rotational velocity (v sin i) 6.110[9] km/s Other designations Copernicus, Rho1 Cancri, 55 Cnc, BD+28°1660, GJ 324, HD 75732, HIP 43587, HR 3522, SAO 80585 Database references SIMBAD data 55 Cnc B Exoplanet Archive data ARICNS data Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia data 55 Cancri is a binary star system located 41[1] light-years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It has the Bayer designation Rho1 Cancri (ρ1 Cancri); 55 Cancri is the Flamsteed designation (abbreviated 55 Cnc). The system consists of a K-type star (designated 55 Cancri A, also named Copernicus /koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs/)[15] and a smaller red dwarf (55 Cancri B). As of 2015, five extrasolar planets (designated 55 Cancri b, c, d, e and f; named Galileo, Brahe, Lipperhey, Janssen and Harriot, respectively) are believed to orbit 55 Cancri A. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Stellar system 3 Planetary system 4 Communication 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Nomenclature 55 Cancri is the system's Flamsteed designation. It also bears the Bayer designation ρ1 Cancri (Latinised to Rho1 Cancri) and the Bright Star Catalogue designation HR 3522. The two components are designated A and B,[16] though A is itself sometimes referred to as 55 Cancri.[17] The first planet discovered orbiting 55 Cancri A was designated HR 3522b by its discoverers,[18] though it is more commonly referred to as 55 Cancri b.[19] Under the rules for naming objects in binary star systems it should be named 55 Cancri Ab[20] and this more formal form is occasionally used to avoid confusion with the secondary star 55 Cancri B. The other planets discovered were designated 55 Cancri c, d, e and f, in order of their discovery. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[21] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[22] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Copernicus for 55 Cancri A and Galileo, Brahe, Lipperhey, Janssen and Harriot for its planets (b, c, d, e and f, respectively).[23] The winning names were those submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. They honor the astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe and Thomas Harriot and the spectacle makers and telescope pioneers Hans Lipperhey and Jacharias Janssen.[24] (The IAU originally announced the winning name was Lippershey for 55 Cancri d. In January 2016, in recognition that his actual name was Lipperhey (with Lippershey an error introduced in the 19th century), the exoplanet name was corrected to Lipperhey by the IAU and that name was submitted to the official sites that keep track of astronomical information).[23][24] In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[25] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016,[26] the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[15] Stellar system The 55 Cancri system is located fairly close to the Solar System: the Gaia astrometry satellite measured the parallax of 55 Cancri A as 79.45 milliarcseconds, corresponding to a distance of 12.6 parsecs (41 light-years).[1] 55 Cancri A has an apparent magnitude of 5.95, making it just visible to the naked eye under very dark skies. The red dwarf 55 Cancri B is of the 13th magnitude and only visible through a telescope. The two components are separated by an estimated distance of 1,065 AU[27] (6.15 light-days). Despite their wide separation, the two stars appear to be gravitationally bound, as they share a common proper motion.[17] The primary star, 55 Cancri A, has a spectral type of K0IV-V, indicating a main-sequence or subgiant star. It is smaller in radius and slightly less massive than the Sun, and so is cooler and less luminous. The star has only low emission from its chromosphere, and is not variable in the visible spectrum;[17] but it is variable in X-rays.[28] It is more enriched than the Sun in elements heavier than helium, with 186% the solar abundance of iron; it is therefore classified as a rare "super metal-rich" (SMR) star.[17] This abundance of metal makes estimating the star's age and mass difficult, as evolutionary models are less well defined for such stars.[citation needed] 55 Cancri A also has more carbon than the Sun, with a C/O ratio of 0.78,[29] compared to solar value of 0.55. Age estimates for 55 Cancri A include 7.4–8.7 billion years[30] and 10.2 ± 2.5 billion years.[11] A hypothesis for the high metal content in SMR dwarf stars is that material enriched in heavy elements fell into the atmosphere from a protoplanetary disk. This would pollute the star's external layers, resulting in a higher than normal metallicity. The lack of a deep convection zone would mean that the outer layers would retain higher abundance ratios of these heavy elements.[31] Observations of 55 Cancri A in the submillimeter region of the spectrum have thus far failed to detect any associated dust. The upper limit on emissions within 100 AU of this star is about 850 mJy, at a wavelength of 850 μm. This limits the total mass of fine dust around the star to less than 0.01% of the Earth's mass. However, this does not exclude the presence of an asteroid belt or a Kuiper belt equivalent.[32] The secondary, 55 Cancri B, is a red dwarf star much less massive and luminous than the Sun. There are indications that component B may itself be a double star, though this is uncertain.[16] Planetary system The 55 Cancri A planetary system[33][34][35] Companion (in order from star) Mass Semimajor axis (AU) Orbital period (days) Eccentricity[34][35] Inclination[33] Radius e (Janssen) 7.99+0.32 −0.33 M🜨 0.01544 ± 0.00011 0.7365474 ± 0.000013 0.05 ± 0.03 83.59+0.47 −0.44° 1.875 ± 0.029 R🜨 b (Galileo) 0.825 ± 0.003 MJ 0.1148 ± 0.0008 14.6507 ± 0.0004 0.010 ± 0.003 ~85° — c (Brahe) ≥54.349 ± 1.271 M🜨 0.2403 ± 0.0017 44.364 ± 0.007 0.005 ± 0.003 — — f (Harriot) ≥49.263 ± 2.543 M🜨 0.781 ± 0.006 259.8 ± 0.5 0.30 ± 0.05 — — d (Lipperhey) ≥3.82 ± 0.04 MJ 5.74 ± 0.04 5,169 ± 53 0.014 ± 0.009 — — Comparison of the orbits of the inner planets of 55 Cancri A (black) with the planets of the Solar System The 55 Cancri system was the first known to have four, and later five, planets, and may possibly have more. The innermost planet, e, transits 55 Cancri A as viewed from Earth.[33] The next planet, b, is non-transiting but there is tentative evidence that it is surrounded by an extended atmosphere that does transit the star.[28] In 1997, the discovery of a 51 Pegasi-like planet orbiting 55 Cancri A was announced, together with the planet of Tau Boötis and the inner planet of Upsilon Andromedae.[18] The planet was discovered by measuring the star's radial velocity, which showed a periodicity of around 14.7 days corresponding to a planet at least 78% of the mass of Jupiter. These radial velocity measurements still showed a drift unaccounted for by this planet, which could be explained by the gravitational influence of a more distant object. In 1998 the discovery of a possible dust disk around 55 Cancri A was announced.[36] Calculations gave the disk radius at least 40 AU, similar to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System, with an inclination of 25° with respect to the plane of the sky. However, the discovery could not be verified and was later deemed to be spurious, caused instead by background galaxies.[37] The Solar System compared with the planetary system of 55 Cancri (Note: this depiction was made before planets e and f were discovered.) After making further radial velocity measurements, a planet orbiting at a distance of around 5 AU was announced in 2002.[17] This planet received the designation 55 Cancri d. At the time of discovery, the planet was thought to be in an orbit of mild eccentricity (close to 0.1), but this value was increased by later measurements. Even after accounting for these two planets, a periodicity at 43 days remained, possibly due to a third planet. Measurements of the star suggested that this was close to the star's rotation period, which raised the possibility that the 43-day signal was caused by stellar activity. This possible planet received the designation 55 Cancri c. Artist's rendition of 55 Cnc's planets 55 Cancri e was announced in 2004.[38] With 8.3 Earth masses, it is a large super-Earth which was originally thought to have an orbital period of 2.8 days, though it was later found that this was an alias of its true period of 0.74 of a day by observations of e transiting in 2011.[33] This planet was the first known instance of a fourth extrasolar planet in one system, and was the shortest-period planet until the discovery of PSR J1719−1438 b. The measurements that led to the discovery of this planet also confirmed the existence of 55 Cancri c. In 2005, Jack Wisdom combined three data sets and drew two distinct conclusions: that the 2.8-day planet was an alias and that there was a Neptune-scale planet with a period near 261 days. Fischer et al. (2008)[39] reported new observations that they said confirmed the existence of the 2.8-day planet, as first reported by McArthur et al. (2004), and a 260-day Neptune-sized planet, as first reported by Wisdom (2005).[40] However, Dawson and Fabrycky (2010)[34] concluded that the 2.8-day planet was indeed an alias, as suggested by Wisdom (2005), and that the correct period was 0.7365 of a day. In 2007, Fisher et al. confirmed the existence of the 260-day planet proposed in 2005 by Wisdom. This planet, 55 Cancri f, was the first occurrence of a fifth extrasolar planet in one system. With a similar mass to c, it has a 260-day orbit, towards the inner edge of 55 Cancri A's habitable zone.[41][42] The planet itself is not thought to be conducive to life, but hypothetical moons in principle could maintain at least microbial life. The planet e's eccentricity is poorly defined; varying values between 0 and 0.4 does not significantly improve the fit, so an eccentricity of 0.2 was assumed. Taking interactions between the planets into account results in a near-zero orbital eccentricity. Astrometric observations with the Hubble Space Telescope measured an inclination of 53° of the outer planet d,[38] though this result relies on the precise orbital parameters which have been substantially revised since this was published.[43] The observed transits of e suggest an orbit normal inclined within 9° to the line-of-sight, and a possible detection of the transit of an extended atmosphere around 55 Cancri b would, if confirmed, imply that it too is in an orbit that is close to edge-on.[28] Between them, no measurement of c's nor f's inclinations have been made. It had been thought that with five planets, the system cannot deviate far from coplanar in order to maintain stability.[42] An attempt to measure the spin-orbit misalignment of the innermost planet reported that it was in a nearly polar orbit,[44] but this interpretation of the data has since been challenged by a subsequent study, with noted inconsistencies between the implied and measured stellar rotation.[45] The approximate ratios of periods of adjacent orbits are (proceeding outward): 1:20, 1:3, 1:6, 1:20. The nearly 1:3 ratio between 55 Cancri b and c is apparently a near resonance, rather than a genuine mean motion resonance.[42] More planets are possible within the stable zone, between f and d at 0.9 to 3.8 AU with eccentricities below 0.4. Given hypothetical planet g of up to 50 Earth masses, stable mean motion resonance regions lie at 3f:2g, 2g:1d, and 3g:2d. As for the space outside d's orbit, its stability zone begins beyond 10 AU, though there is a stability zone between 8.6 and 9 AU due to a 2:1 resonance.[46] Communication A METI message was sent to 55 Cancri. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar—the 70 m (230 ft) Evpatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named Cosmic Call 2; it was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 55 Cancri in May 2044.[47] See also Sudarsky's gas giant classification Cancer in Chinese astronomy Kepler-186 Lists of exoplanets Gliese 1132 b – rocky exoplanet with a confirmed atmosphere Mu Arae c – At constellation Ara Planetary system PSR B1257+12 References Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR. 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Bibcode:2008ApJ...675..790F. doi:10.1086/525512. S2CID 55779685. Nelson, Benjamin E.; et al. (2014). "The 55 Cancri planetary system: fully self-consistent N-body constraints and a dynamical analysis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (1): 442–451. arXiv:1402.6343. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441..442N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu450. S2CID 55818781. Vincent Bourrier; Guillaume Hébrard (2014). "Detecting the spin-orbit misalignment of the super-Earth 55 Cnc e". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 569: A65. arXiv:1406.6813. Bibcode:2014A&A...569A..65B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424266. S2CID 118387445. Mercedes Lopez-Morales; Amaury H. M. J. Triaud; Florian Rodler; Xavier Dumusque; Lars A. Buchhave; A. Harutyunyan; Sergio Hoyer; Roi Alonso; Michael Gillon; Nathan A. Kaib; David W. Latham; Christophe Lovis; Francesco Pepe; Didier Queloz; Sean N.Raymond; Damien Segransan; Ingo P. Waldmann; Stephane Udry (2014). "Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of 55 Cnc e". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (2): L31. arXiv:1408.2007. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792L..31L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/792/2/L31. S2CID 14634162. Raymond, Sean N.; et al. (2008). "A dynamical perspective on additional planets in 55 Cancri". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): 478–491. arXiv:0808.3295. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689..478R. doi:10.1086/592772. S2CID 941288. "Передача и поиски разумных сигналов во Вселенной". Cplire.ru. Retrieved 2008-09-14. Further reading Ji, Jianghui; Kinoshita, Hiroshi; Liu, Lin; Li, Guangyu (2003). "Could the 55 Cancri Planetary System Really Be in the 3[rcolon]1 Mean Motion Resonance?". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (2): L139–L142. arXiv:astro-ph/0301636. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585L.139J. doi:10.1086/374391. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15993774. Schneider, G.; Becklin, E. E.; Smith, B. A.; Weinberger, A. J.; Silverstone, M.; Hines, D. C. (2001). "NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of 55 Cancri". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (1): 525–537. arXiv:astro-ph/0010175. Bibcode:2001AJ....121..525S. doi:10.1086/318050. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 14503540. Jayawardhana, Ray; Holland, Wayne S.; Kalas, Paul; Greaves, Jane S.; Dent, William R. F.; Wyatt, Mark C.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (2002). "New Submillimeter Limits on Dust in the 55 Cancri Planetary System". The Astrophysical Journal. 570 (2): L93–L96. arXiv:astro-ph/0204140. Bibcode:2002ApJ...570L..93J. doi:10.1086/341101. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15516278. Zhou, Li-Yong; J. Lehto, Harry; Sun, Yi-Sui; Zheng, Jia-Qing (2004). "Apsidal corotation in mean motion resonance: the 55 Cancri system as an example". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (4): 1495–1502. arXiv:astro-ph/0310121. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350.1495Z. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07755.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 16821093. Jayawardhana, Ray; Holland, Wayne S.; Greaves, Jane S.; Dent, William R. F.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Hartmann, Lee W.; Fazio, Giovanni G. (2000). "Dust in the 55 Cancri Planetary System". The Astrophysical Journal. 536 (1): 425–428. arXiv:astro-ph/0001275. Bibcode:2000ApJ...536..425J. doi:10.1086/308942. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 44777812. Rasio, F. A.; Ford, E. B. (1996). "Dynamical Instabilities and the Formation of Extrasolar Planetary Systems". Science. 274 (5289): 954–956. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..954R. doi:10.1126/science.274.5289.954. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8875930. S2CID 2940958. von Bloh, W.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S.; Bounama, C. (2003). "On the Possibility of Earth-Type Habitable Planets in the 55 Cancri System". Astrobiology. 3 (4): 681–688. Bibcode:2003AsBio...3..681V. doi:10.1089/153110703322736015. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 14987474. Ji, Jiang-Hui; Kinoshita, Hiroshi; Liu, Lin; Li, Guang-Yu (2009). "The dynamical architecture and habitable zones of the quintuplet planetary system 55 Cancri". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 9 (6): 703–711. arXiv:0902.4328. Bibcode:2009RAA.....9..703J. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/9/6/009. ISSN 1674-4527. S2CID 15304622. Raymond, Sean N.; Barnes, Rory; Gorelick, Noel (2008). "A Dynamical Perspective on Additional Planets in 55 Cancri". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): 478–491. arXiv:0808.3295. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689..478R. doi:10.1086/592772. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 941288. Marzari, F.; Scholl, H.; Tricarico, P. (2005). "Frequency map analysis of the 3/1 resonance between planets b and c in the 55 Cancri system". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 442 (1): 359–364. Bibcode:2005A&A...442..359M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053164. ISSN 0004-6361. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 55 Cancri. "55 (Rho1) Cancri 2". SolStation. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12. Jean Schneider (2011). "Notes for star 55 Cnc". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 8 October 2011. "55 Cancri". University of Illinois. The Planet Project. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12. Sanders, Robert (2004-08-31). "Astronomers searching for distant Earths find two Neptunes". UC Berkeley News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12. Ward Glen (2007-11-08). "Astronomers Find Fifth Planet Around 55 Cancri". The Starry Mirror. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2008-06-12. When the Gods Fall 55 Cancri in fiction. Extrasolar Planet Interactions by Rory Barnes & Richard Greenberg, Lunar and Planetary Lab, University of Arizona The First and the second part of a computer animation of the 55 Cancri planetary system. Interactive visualisation of the 55 Cancri system

 

55 Cancri

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55 Cancri
Cancer constellation map.svg
Red circle.svg
Location of 55 Cancri (circled in red)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
ConstellationCancer
Pronunciation/ˈkæŋkr/ or /ˈkæŋkr/
55 Cancri A
Right ascension08h 52m 35.8111s[1]
Declination+28° 19′ 50.955″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)5.95[2]
55 Cancri B
Right ascension08h 52m 40.8627s[3]
Declination+28° 19′ 58.821″[3]
Apparent magnitude (V)13.15[4]
Characteristics
55 Cancri A
Evolutionary stageMain sequence or subgiant
Spectral typeK0IV–V[5]
U−B color index0.63[6]
B−V color index0.87[6]
55 Cancri B
Evolutionary stageMain sequence (red dwarf)
Spectral typeM4.5V[7]
B−V color index1.7[4]
Astrometry
55 Cancri A
Radial velocity (Rv)27.51[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: −485.681±0.040[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −233.517±0.037[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)79.4482 ± 0.0429[1] mas
Distance41.05 ± 0.02 ly
(12.587 ± 0.007 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)+5.50[8]
55 Cancri B
Proper motion (μ)RA: −481.176±0.041[3] mas/yr
Dec.: −244.544±0.032[3] mas/yr
Parallax (π)79.6560 ± 0.0475[3] mas
Distance40.95 ± 0.02 ly
(12.554 ± 0.007 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)12.58[9]
Details
55 Cnc A
Mass0.960±0.067[10] M
Radius0.960±0.018[10] R
Luminosity0.589±0.014[10] L
Surface gravity (log g)4.37[5] cgs
Temperature5,165±46[10] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.09[5] dex
Rotation42.2 d
Age10.2 ± 2.5[11] Gyr
55 Cnc B
Mass0.255[12] M
Radius0.273[12] R
Luminosity0.003[13] L
Temperature3,233[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.360[14] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)6.110[9] km/s
Other designations
Copernicus, Rho1 Cancri55 CncBD+28°1660GJ 324, HD 75732, HIP 43587, HR 3522, SAO 80585
Database references
SIMBADdata
55 Cnc B
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata
Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia
data

55 Cancri is a binary star system located 41[1] light-years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It has the Bayer designation Rho1 Cancri (ρ1 Cancri); 55 Cancri is the Flamsteed designation (abbreviated 55 Cnc). The system consists of a K-type star (designated 55 Cancri A, also named Copernicus /kˈpɜːrnɪkəs/)[15] and a smaller red dwarf (55 Cancri B).

As of 2015, five extrasolar planets (designated 55 Cancri bcde and f; named Galileo, Brahe, Lipperhey, Janssen and Harriot, respectively) are believed to orbit 55 Cancri A.

Nomenclature[edit]

55 Cancri is the system's Flamsteed designation. It also bears the Bayer designation ρ1 Cancri (Latinised to Rho1 Cancri) and the Bright Star Catalogue designation HR 3522. The two components are designated A and B,[16] though A is itself sometimes referred to as 55 Cancri.[17] The first planet discovered orbiting 55 Cancri A was designated HR 3522b by its discoverers,[18] though it is more commonly referred to as 55 Cancri b.[19] Under the rules for naming objects in binary star systems it should be named 55 Cancri Ab[20] and this more formal form is occasionally used to avoid confusion with the secondary star 55 Cancri B. The other planets discovered were designated 55 Cancri c, d, e and f, in order of their discovery.

In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[21] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[22] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Copernicus for 55 Cancri A and Galileo, Brahe, Lipperhey, Janssen and Harriot for its planets (b, c, d, e and f, respectively).[23]

The winning names were those submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. They honor the astronomers Nicolaus CopernicusGalileo GalileiTycho Brahe and Thomas Harriot and the spectacle makers and telescope pioneers Hans Lipperhey and Jacharias Janssen.[24] (The IAU originally announced the winning name was Lippershey for 55 Cancri d. In January 2016, in recognition that his actual name was Lipperhey (with Lippershey an error introduced in the 19th century), the exoplanet name was corrected to Lipperhey by the IAU and that name was submitted to the official sites that keep track of astronomical information).[23][24]

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[25] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016,[26] the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[15]

Stellar system[edit]

The 55 Cancri system is located fairly close to the Solar System: the Gaia astrometry satellite measured the parallax of 55 Cancri A as 79.45 milliarcseconds, corresponding to a distance of 12.6 parsecs (41 light-years).[1] 55 Cancri A has an apparent magnitude of 5.95, making it just visible to the naked eye under very dark skies. The red dwarf 55 Cancri B is of the 13th magnitude and only visible through a telescope. The two components are separated by an estimated distance of 1,065 AU[27] (6.15 light-days). Despite their wide separation, the two stars appear to be gravitationally bound, as they share a common proper motion.[17]

The primary star, 55 Cancri A, has a spectral type of K0IV-V, indicating a main-sequence or subgiant star. It is smaller in radius and slightly less massive than the Sun, and so is cooler and less luminous. The star has only low emission from its chromosphere, and is not variable in the visible spectrum;[17] but it is variable in X-rays.[28] It is more enriched than the Sun in elements heavier than helium, with 186% the solar abundance of iron; it is therefore classified as a rare "super metal-rich" (SMR) star.[17] This abundance of metal makes estimating the star's age and mass difficult, as evolutionary models are less well defined for such stars.[citation needed] 55 Cancri A also has more carbon than the Sun, with a C/O ratio of 0.78,[29] compared to solar value of 0.55. Age estimates for 55 Cancri A include 7.4–8.7 billion years[30] and 10.2 ± 2.5 billion years.[11]

A hypothesis for the high metal content in SMR dwarf stars is that material enriched in heavy elements fell into the atmosphere from a protoplanetary disk. This would pollute the star's external layers, resulting in a higher than normal metallicity. The lack of a deep convection zone would mean that the outer layers would retain higher abundance ratios of these heavy elements.[31]

Observations of 55 Cancri A in the submillimeter region of the spectrum have thus far failed to detect any associated dust. The upper limit on emissions within 100 AU of this star is about 850 mJy, at a wavelength of 850 μm. This limits the total mass of fine dust around the star to less than 0.01% of the Earth's mass. However, this does not exclude the presence of an asteroid belt or a Kuiper belt equivalent.[32]

The secondary, 55 Cancri B, is a red dwarf star much less massive and luminous than the Sun. There are indications that component B may itself be a double star, though this is uncertain.[16]

Planetary system[edit]

The 55 Cancri A planetary system[33][34][35]
Companion
(in order from star)
MassSemimajor axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity[34][35]Inclination[33]Radius
e (Janssen)7.99+0.32
−0.33
 M🜨
0.01544 ± 0.000110.7365474 ± 0.0000130.05 ± 0.0383.59+0.47
−0.44
°
1.875 ± 0.029 R🜨
b (Galileo)0.825 ± 0.003 MJ0.1148 ± 0.000814.6507 ± 0.00040.010 ± 0.003~85°
c (Brahe)≥54.349 ± 1.271 M🜨0.2403 ± 0.001744.364 ± 0.0070.005 ± 0.003
f (Harriot)≥49.263 ± 2.543 M🜨0.781 ± 0.006259.8 ± 0.50.30 ± 0.05
d (Lipperhey)≥3.82 ± 0.04 MJ5.74 ± 0.045,169 ± 530.014 ± 0.009
Comparison of the orbits of the inner planets of 55 Cancri A (black) with the planets of the Solar System

The 55 Cancri system was the first known to have four, and later five, planets, and may possibly have more. The innermost planet, e, transits 55 Cancri A as viewed from Earth.[33] The next planet, b, is non-transiting but there is tentative evidence that it is surrounded by an extended atmosphere that does transit the star.[28]

In 1997, the discovery of a 51 Pegasi-like planet orbiting 55 Cancri A was announced, together with the planet of Tau Boötis and the inner planet of Upsilon Andromedae.[18] The planet was discovered by measuring the star's radial velocity, which showed a periodicity of around 14.7 days corresponding to a planet at least 78% of the mass of Jupiter. These radial velocity measurements still showed a drift unaccounted for by this planet, which could be explained by the gravitational influence of a more distant object.

In 1998 the discovery of a possible dust disk around 55 Cancri A was announced.[36] Calculations gave the disk radius at least 40 AU, similar to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System, with an inclination of 25° with respect to the plane of the sky. However, the discovery could not be verified and was later deemed to be spurious, caused instead by background galaxies.[37]

The Solar System compared with the planetary system of 55 Cancri (Note: this depiction was made before planets e and f were discovered.)

After making further radial velocity measurements, a planet orbiting at a distance of around 5 AU was announced in 2002.[17] This planet received the designation 55 Cancri d. At the time of discovery, the planet was thought to be in an orbit of mild eccentricity (close to 0.1), but this value was increased by later measurements. Even after accounting for these two planets, a periodicity at 43 days remained, possibly due to a third planet. Measurements of the star suggested that this was close to the star's rotation period, which raised the possibility that the 43-day signal was caused by stellar activity. This possible planet received the designation 55 Cancri c.

Artist's rendition of 55 Cnc's planets

55 Cancri e was announced in 2004.[38] With 8.3 Earth masses, it is a large super-Earth which was originally thought to have an orbital period of 2.8 days, though it was later found that this was an alias of its true period of 0.74 of a day by observations of e transiting in 2011.[33] This planet was the first known instance of a fourth extrasolar planet in one system, and was the shortest-period planet until the discovery of PSR J1719−1438 b. The measurements that led to the discovery of this planet also confirmed the existence of 55 Cancri c.

In 2005, Jack Wisdom combined three data sets and drew two distinct conclusions: that the 2.8-day planet was an alias and that there was a Neptune-scale planet with a period near 261 days. Fischer et al. (2008)[39] reported new observations that they said confirmed the existence of the 2.8-day planet, as first reported by McArthur et al. (2004), and a 260-day Neptune-sized planet, as first reported by Wisdom (2005).[40] However, Dawson and Fabrycky (2010)[34] concluded that the 2.8-day planet was indeed an alias, as suggested by Wisdom (2005), and that the correct period was 0.7365 of a day.

In 2007, Fisher et al. confirmed the existence of the 260-day planet proposed in 2005 by Wisdom. This planet, 55 Cancri f, was the first occurrence of a fifth extrasolar planet in one system. With a similar mass to c, it has a 260-day orbit, towards the inner edge of 55 Cancri A's habitable zone.[41][42] The planet itself is not thought to be conducive to life, but hypothetical moons in principle could maintain at least microbial life.

The planet e's eccentricity is poorly defined; varying values between 0 and 0.4 does not significantly improve the fit, so an eccentricity of 0.2 was assumed. Taking interactions between the planets into account results in a near-zero orbital eccentricity.

Astrometric observations with the Hubble Space Telescope measured an inclination of 53° of the outer planet d,[38] though this result relies on the precise orbital parameters which have been substantially revised since this was published.[43] The observed transits of e suggest an orbit normal inclined within 9° to the line-of-sight, and a possible detection of the transit of an extended atmosphere around 55 Cancri b would, if confirmed, imply that it too is in an orbit that is close to edge-on.[28] Between them, no measurement of c's nor f's inclinations have been made. It had been thought that with five planets, the system cannot deviate far from coplanar in order to maintain stability.[42] An attempt to measure the spin-orbit misalignment of the innermost planet reported that it was in a nearly polar orbit,[44] but this interpretation of the data has since been challenged by a subsequent study, with noted inconsistencies between the implied and measured stellar rotation.[45]

The approximate ratios of periods of adjacent orbits are (proceeding outward): 1:20, 1:3, 1:6, 1:20. The nearly 1:3 ratio between 55 Cancri b and c is apparently a near resonance, rather than a genuine mean motion resonance.[42]

More planets are possible within the stable zone, between f and d at 0.9 to 3.8 AU with eccentricities below 0.4. Given hypothetical planet g of up to 50 Earth masses, stable mean motion resonance regions lie at 3f:2g, 2g:1d, and 3g:2d. As for the space outside d's orbit, its stability zone begins beyond 10 AU, though there is a stability zone between 8.6 and 9 AU due to a 2:1 resonance.[46]

Communication[edit]

METI message was sent to 55 Cancri. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar—the 70 m (230 ft) Evpatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named Cosmic Call 2; it was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 55 Cancri in May 2044.[47]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1Gdoi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ Van Belle, Gerard T.; von Braun, Kaspar (2009). "Directly Determined Linear Radii and Effective Temperatures of Exoplanet Host Stars". The Astrophysical Journal694 (2): 1085–1098. arXiv:0901.1206Bibcode:2009ApJ...694.1085Vdoi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/1085S2CID 18370219.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1Gdoi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  4. Jump up to:a b Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J. L.; Monet, D. G.; Zacharias, M. I. (2012). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)". VizieR On-line Data CatalogBibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z.
  5. Jump up to:a b c Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I". The Astronomical Journal126(4): 2048. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048Gdoi:10.1086/378365S2CID 119417105.
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Antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis Naar navigatie springenNaar zoeken springen Esculaap Neem het voorbehoud bij medische informatie in acht. Raadpleeg bij gezondheidsklachten een arts. Antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis Coderingen ICD-10 F60.2 DSM-IV 301.7 Portaal Portaalicoon Geneeskunde De antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis en in de ICD-10 de dissociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis is een persoonlijkheidsstoornis die wordt gekenmerkt door een patroon van veronachtzaming of schending van de rechten van anderen en door impulsief en antisociaal gedrag. Er is vaak sprake van een gebrekkig geweten en normbesef en van een geschiedenis van crimineel, agressief en/of impulsief gedrag en juridische problemen.[1] In de samenleving heeft ongeveer 3% van de mannen en minder dan 1% van de vrouwen de antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis (volgens de DSM-IV). Vroeger werd deze stoornis ook wel sociopathie of sociopathische persoonlijkheiddstoornis genoemd. Inhoud 1 Classificatie 1.1 DSM IV-TR 1.2 ICD-10 1.3 Comorbiditeit 2 Kenmerkend gedrag 3 Criminaliteit 4 Gradaties 5 Oorzaken 6 Behandeling 7 Prognose 8 Sociopathie 9 Zie ook Classificatie DSM IV-TR Het DSM-IV definieert de antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis als een pervasief patroon van veronachtzaming en schending van de rechten van anderen dat zich openbaart vanaf het 16e levensjaar. De diagnose dient aan de volgende voorwaarden te voldoen: A: Een algeheel patroon van gebrek aan achting voor en schending van de rechten van anderen, vanaf het vijftiende jaar aanwezig en tot uiting komend in diverse situaties, zoals blijkt uit drie (of meer) van de volgende kenmerken: niet in staat zich te conformeren aan de maatschappelijke norm dat men zich aan de wet moet houden, zoals blijkt uit het bij herhaling tot handelingen komen die een reden voor arrestatie kunnen zijn oneerlijkheid, zoals blijkt uit herhaaldelijk liegen, het gebruik van valse namen of anderen bezwendelen ten behoeve van eigen voordeel of plezier impulsiviteit of onvermogen ‘vooruit te plannen' prikkelbaarheid of agressiviteit, zoals blijkt uit bij herhaling komen tot vechtpartijen of geweldpleging roekeloze onverschilligheid voor de veiligheid van zichzelf of anderen constante onverantwoordelijkheid, zoals blijkt uit het herhaaldelijk niet in staat zijn geregeld werk te behouden of financiële verplichtingen na te komen gebrek aan berouw, zoals blijkt uit de ongevoeligheid voor of het rationaliseren van het feit anderen gekwetst, mishandeld of bestolen te hebben B: De leeftijd is ten minste achttien jaar. C: Er zijn aanwijzingen voor een gedragsstoornis beginnend vóór het vijftiende jaar. D: Het antisociale gedrag komt niet uitsluitend voor in het beloop van schizofrenie of manische episodes. ICD-10 De WHO's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth edition (ICD-10) beschrijft de dissociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis.[2] Voor een diagnose moet aan ten minste drie van de onderstaande criteria zijn voldaan: Een harteloze ongevoeligheid voor de gevoelens van anderen Onverantwoordelijkheid en een langdurige onverschilligheid voor sociale normen, waarden en regels Een onvermogen tot het aangaan van langdurige relaties, hoewel er geen moeite is met het aangaan van relaties Lage frustratie-tolerantie en een lage drempel voor agressie Onvermogen tot het ervaren van schuld of om te leren uit ervaring, bijvoorbeeld straf Bereidheid om anderen de schuld te geven of het rationaliseren van het schadelijke gedrag De aandoening beschrijft de ICD-versie van de antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis, maar de aandoening is niet hetzelfde als de antisociale gedragsstoornis. Comorbiditeit Een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis gaat vaak samen met een of meer van de volgende psychische aandoeningen:[3] Angststoornissen Klinische depressie Stoornis in de impulsbeheersing Periodieke explosieve stoornis Middelenmisbruik Reactieve hechtingsstoornis Somatisatiestoornis ADHD en ADD Borderline-persoonlijkheidsstoornis Theatrale persoonlijkheidsstoornis Narcistische persoonlijkheidsstoornis Sadistische persoonlijkheidsstoornis Paranoïde persoonlijkheidsstoornis Kenmerkend gedrag Mensen met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis zijn vaak heel charmant en innemend, maar ze kunnen door impulsiviteit en gebrek aan inlevingsvermogen snel in conflicten terechtkomen. Ze zijn niet bang aangelegd en hebben moeite de consequenties van hun handelingen in te zien. Berouw, empathie of schuldgevoel komt bij AsPS-lijders niet of slechts in verminderde mate voor omdat zij niet of in verminderde mate kunnen empathiseren met anderen; dat wil zeggen dat het inlevingsvermogen en het vermogen om zich in een ander te verplaatsen verminderd aanwezig is of geheel ontbreekt. Het uit zich vooral door versterkt egocentrisch gedrag, waarbij het eigenbelang vaak of altijd boven dat van anderen prevaleert. Personen met deze persoonlijkheidsstoornis hebben meestal geen problemen met het uitbuiten van anderen voor hun eigen voordeel of plezier en kunnen manipulatief of bedrieglijk zijn tegenover anderen. Ze bereiken dit door middel van humor, oppervlakkige charme of intimidatie en geweld. AsPS-lijders gedragen zich vaak arrogant, denken negatief over anderen en hebben een gebrek aan berouw voor hun schadelijke handelingen. Typerend voor iemand met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis, is bijvoorbeeld het aanwenden van "sociaal wenselijk gedrag" om uit eigenbelang een doel te bereiken, ook al gaat dat ten koste van de ander. Hiermee onderscheidt de persoonlijkheidsstoornis zich duidelijk van andere stoornissen die de emoties en de empathische vermogens negatief beïnvloeden. Bij AsPS is het antisociale gedrag echter geen bewuste keuze, hoewel dit vaak wel zo overkomt op de omgeving.[4] Het komt ook voor dat een AsPS-patiënt zich aardig en sociaalvoelend voordoet. Dit noemt men "aangeleerd sociaal wenselijk gedrag"; dit is echter slechts cognitief, verstandelijk en rationeel aanwezig: het komt niet voort uit intrinsieke emoties. Toch kan het sociaal wenselijke gedrag ook aangewend worden op manieren die ertoe leiden dat de patiënt dermate socialiseert, dat hoewel van genezing geen sprake is, het aangeleerde gedrag als copingmechanisme de patiënt het gedrag laat vertonen dat zeer nauw overeenkomt met dat van een gezond persoon, ook in het voordeel van de omgeving. Het is een misverstand dat iedereen met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis ongeneeslijk ziek is, als dat wordt uitgelegd als niet voor verbetering vatbaar. Een heel specifiek verschijnsel bij AsPS is in bepaalde gevallen het ziekelijk liegen. Een patiënt kan een uitgebreid web van leugens vertellen ten behoeve van zijn eigen voordeel of plezier. Hij kan ook iemand financieel voordeel of romantiek in het vooruitzicht stellen, terwijl het verantwoordelijkheidsgevoel om aan de geschapen verwachtingen te voldoen volledig ontbreekt. Het komt voor dat het liegen zodanig een tweede natuur geworden is, dat de personen in kwestie liegen terwijl zij er geen concreet plan of doel voor hebben. Opvallend is voorts dat zij zich enerzijds in de slachtofferrol kunnen opstellen en anderzijds zich voor kunnen doen als iemand met succes. Criminaliteit Crimineel gedrag is niet noodzakelijk voor de diagnose, maar lijders aan AsPS komen vaker dan gemiddeld in aanraking met politie en justitie door hun veronachtzaming van de normen en waarden in de maatschappij en de rechten van anderen. Een gebrekkig of verstoord inlevingsvermogen is hiervan een belangrijke oorzaak. Het is echter onjuist om alle criminelen af te doen als AsPS-lijders: veel criminelen hebben geen AsPS en omgekeerd zijn veel AsPS-lijders niet crimineel. Sommigen zijn van mening dat mensen die buitengewoon goed presteren in de maatschappij kenmerken van AsPS vertonen, omdat ze minder moeite zouden hebben met het nemen van harde beslissingen: oppervlakkige charmes worden dan bijvoorbeeld gezien als inspirerende kwaliteiten, gevoelsarmoede wordt zakelijkheid, impulsiviteit wordt "knopen durven doorhakken" en weerbarstigheid wordt assertiviteit en doorzettingsvermogen. Opmerkelijk is vaak ook hun perfecte inschatting van de situatie en hun slimme kijk op dingen.[5] Gradaties Net als andere persoonlijkheidsstoornissen valt de antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis in een spectrum, wat betekent dat de ernst per persoon kan verschillen. Het gedrag kan variëren van incidenteel slecht gedrag tot het herhaaldelijk overtreden van de wet en zelfs tot het plegen van zeer ernstige misdrijven zoals moord.[6] Oorzaken De oorzaken van de antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis zijn in drie groepen te verdelen. Doorgaans is een combinatie van deze factoren aanwezig bij personen met een antisocialepersoonlijkheidsstoornis: Emotionele verwaarlozing Door een opvoeding waarin geborgenheid en genegenheid, met name in de baby- en peuterfase, onvoldoende aanwezig is, kan er een persoonlijkheidsstructuur ontstaan waarin de socialisatie onvoldoende is en het ik-gevoel (egocentrisme) op de voorgrond komt te staan. Deze verstoring en onevenwichtigheid kan later door antisociaal gedrag zichtbaar worden. Vrijwel altijd is op weg naar de volwassenheid een gedragsstoornis opgetreden, met name antisociale gedragsstoornis. In de vroege jeugd kan als gevolg van emotionele verwaarlozing een reactieve hechtingsstoornis zijn ontstaan. Organische oorzaken Hersenontsteking, hersenvliesontsteking en andere ernstige hersenbeschadigingen door ongelukken, zuurstofgebrek of vergiftigingen door een verslavingsziekte, kunnen tot een zodanige karakterverandering leiden dat een verpsychopathiseerde persoonlijkheid ontstaat. Erfelijkheid In bepaalde situaties kan gedacht worden dat psychopathie mede een erfelijke oorzaak heeft. Welke beschadiging of afwijking in de structuur van hersencellen hierbij een rol speelt, is onvoldoende bekend. Hoge testosteron-gehaltes tijdens de zwangerschap speelt mogelijk ook een rol. Een persoon met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis is meestal opgegroeid in een moeilijk, instabiel gezin in combinatie met een gebrek aan ouderlijke zorg en middelenmisbruik. Als een gevolg van deze problemen waren AsPS-lijders vaak al op jonge leeftijd bekend bij sociale diensten.[6] Behandeling Mensen die lijden aan een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis worden vaak verkeerd begrepen door professionals en soms ook gediscrimineerd als gevolg van de symptomen van de aandoening. Het gebrek aan berouw en de onjuiste veronderstelling dat AsPS-lijders geen gevoelens hebben, kan moeilijkheden geven in de behandeling. De meeste AsPS-lijders komen via de rechterlijke macht of familieleden terecht bij de geestelijke gezondheidszorg.[7] Voorheen werd gedacht dat er weinig succesvolle behandelmethoden waren voor een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis.[8][9] Er werd daarbij vermoed dat behandelingen de patiënt juist de gelegenheid gaven zijn of haar antisociale vaardigheden te verbeteren.[10] Uit voorlopige resultaten van een onderzoek aan de Universiteit Maastricht dat werd gepubliceerd in 2012 bleek echter dat mensen met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis mogelijk baat hebben bij schematherapie. Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd bij patiënten van tbs-klinieken in Nederland. De kans op recidive daalde en de proefpersonen die de therapie ondergingen mochten gemiddeld 103 dagen eerder op proefverlof. Er werd ook een vooruitgang in het emotioneel functioneren geboekt: ze hadden een diepere band met anderen en waren minder agressief.[11] Cognitieve gedragstherapie (CGT) is bewezen effectief voor mensen met een lichte vorm van antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis. Het is een misverstand dat mensen met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis zich niet bewust zijn van hun stoornis en hun gedrag niet willen verbeteren of nooit behandeling zullen aanvaarden of zoeken.[12] Prognose Patiënten die lijden aan een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis hebben een hogere kans op vroegtijdig overlijden als gevolg van moord of zelfmoord, roekeloos gedrag of seksueel overdraagbare aandoeningen. Vaak neemt de heftigheid van de stoornis toe in de puberteit en vroege volwassenheid en weer af rond of voor het veertigste levensjaar. In ernstige gevallen verblijft een AsPS-lijder zijn of haar hele leven in een beveiligde instelling of een tbs-kliniek. Sociopathie Iemand met een antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis lijdt aan sociopathie, een verouderde term die van een nieuwe betekenis werd voorzien door de psychiater Robert Hare. De aandoening is volgens Hare niet hetzelfde als de psychopathische persoonlijkheidsstoornis. Wel worden AsPS-lijders soms ook secundaire psychopaten, pseudopsychopaten en factor 2-psychopaten genoemd.[13] Sociopathie of AsPS ontstaat als gevolg van een genetische aanleg voor psychopathie die pas tot uiting kwam als gevolg van omstandigheden.[14] Een sociopaat had in feite een normaal en gezond persoon kunnen zijn, maar de emotionele en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling werd verstoord als gevolg van externe factoren waardoor een genetische aanleg tot uiting kwam in de vorm van pseudo-psychopathisch gedrag. Externe factoren kunnen bijvoorbeeld kindermishandeling, verwaarlozing, armoede, frontaal syndroom en aangeleerd gedrag zijn.[14] De aandoening kenmerkt zich vooral door emotionele problemen, impulsiviteit en antisociaal gedrag. In tegenstelling tot een psychopaat is een sociopaat in staat tot emotionele gehechtheid en schuldgevoel. Een sociopaat is in staat tot empathie, maar slechts voor een beperkt aantal mensen.[15]. In de kindertijd en jeugd kunnen er zich symptomen van het ontremde type van de reactieve hechtingsstoornis (ICD-10) hebben voorgedaan.[16] Een hoogfunctionerende sociopaat of AsPS-lijder is een sociopaat zoals hierboven beschreven is, maar in combinatie met psychopathische trekken zoals welbespraaktheid, hoge verbale intelligentie, oppervlakkige charme en afwezigheid van impulsiviteit, of ze zijn in staat om hun antisociale gedrag duidelijk te verminderen wanneer het hen uitkomt. Een hoogfunctionerende sociopaat is net als de "normale" sociopaat in staat tot emotionele banden en schuldgevoel. Een hoogfunctionerende sociopaat heeft juist door zijn of haar psychopathische eigenschappen een functioneler bestaan en meer controle over impulsen, waardoor er minder problemen zijn in het sociaal en beroepsmatig functioneren.[17][18] Zie ook Persoonlijkheidsstoornis Geen-Bodem-Syndroom Frontaal syndroom Psychopathie Bronnen, noten en/of referenties http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/psychotic-affective-disorders/hidden-suffering-psychopath http://www.scientias.nl/psychopaat-heeft-wel-inlevingsvermogen-maar-het-is-niet-zo-vanzelfsprekend-dat-hij-het-gebruikt/ "Overzicht - antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis - Mayo Clinic" . Www.mayoclinic.org . Ontvangen 12 April 2016 . Dissocial personality disorder – International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) ^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.mentalhealth.com/home/dx/antisocialpersonality.html https://www.mentaalbeter.nl/Pages/nl-NL/Volwassen-Persoonlijkheidsstoornis/Antisociale-Persoonlijkheidsstoornis http://www.e-psychiater.nl/psychiatrie/persoonlijkheidsstoornissen/antisociale-persoonlijkheidsstoornis/ http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/pages/introduction.aspx http://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-treatment/ Cleckley, H. ([1941] 1955). The Mask of Sanity. Revised Edition. Mosby Medical Library. ISBN 0-452-25341-1 Hare, Robert D. (1999). Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-451-0. Hervé, H. & Yuille, J.C. (2006): The psychopath: Theory, research and practice. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hogrefe.nl, 28 augustus 2012, Behandeling psychopaten blijkt effectief https://web.archive.org/web/20160503142259/http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/04/06/surprising-myths-facts-about-antisocial-personality-disorder https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153644/http://inquiringminds.cc/psychopathy-or-sociopathy-dr-robert-hare-one-of-the-leading-experts-in-the-study-of-psychopathy-suggests-that-the-difference-between-sociopathy-and-psychopathy-may-primarily-reflect-how-the-perso http://www.encyclo.nl/begrip/pseudopsychopathie http://www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/psychopaat-of-sociopaat http://www.beachpsych.com/pages/cc94.html http://www.healthyplace.com/personality-disorders/sociopath/high-functioning-sociopaths-and-the-damage-they-cause/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160511184325/http://www.md-health.com/Sociopath-Traits.html Categorie: Persoonlijkheidsstoornis Navigatiemenu Niet aangemeld Overleg Bijdragen Account aanmaken Inloggen ArtikelOverleg LezenBewerkenBrontekst bewerkenGeschiedenis Zoeken Doorzoek Wikipedia Hoofdpagina Vind een artikel Vandaag Etalage Categorieën Recente wijzigingen Nieuwe artikelen Willekeurige pagina Informatie Gebruikersportaal Snelcursus Hulp en contact Doneren Hulpmiddelen Links naar deze pagina Gerelateerde wijzigingen Bestand uploaden Speciale pagina's Permanente koppeling Paginagegevens Deze pagina citeren Wikidata-item Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printvriendelijke versie In andere projecten Wikimedia Commons In andere talen العربية English Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 한국어 Português Русский 中文 Nog 32 Koppelingen bewerken Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 19 nov 2021 om 21:31. 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